The paper was issued in 1870, nearly 30 years after Belgium’s first-ever union (of typographers) was formed in Brussels and more than a decade after the move across Europe for workers’ rights had led to the creation of weavers’ and spinners’ unions in Ghent. The orders it contains would make the hair of even the most rabid free- marketeer stand on end:

Workers are ordered to begin the day by cleaning offices and workspaces thoroughly, as well as stoking boilers with coal (which they had to bring themselves)

The 12-hour day is a matter of course. If overtime is required, it will be worked without pay

The involvement of any worker in politics is a matter for summary dismissal

Wives and daughters of bosses and senior executives must be greeted with respect

Workers are advised to read the Bible. Other works may be read, providing they are not morally damaging

There is no such thing as sick pay: workers should remain healthy, as days off because of illness will not be paid. Deductions will be made from wages to fund possible future sick days

Female employees must endeavour to lead a virtuous life

Talking back to the boss shows a lack of respect, and will be punished

Anything a worker hears spoken of his boss, inside and outside the workplace, must be reported immediately

Every worker should be grateful to his employer, because he keeps you alive. There are many other people who would be glad to take over your job